Sociolinguistics bibliographies

Composition/Sociology and Anthropology 244, "Sociolinguistics"

Rebecca Moore Howard

Spring 1997
E-mail:bhoward@center.colgate.edu

Potential sources for COMP/SOAN 244 research projects

Some of these sources--in particular, articles in journals that Case Library does not own--are on reserve for this course. Some are available only through interlibrary loan. The book Computers and Community and the journals Written Communication and the Journal of Teaching Writing are available at the Department of Interdisciplinary Writing, 219 Alumni, where you can photocopy articles; I have recent issues of Pre/Text, Publishing Research Quarterly, Rhetoric Review, Rhetoric Society Quarterly, The Writing Instructor, and JAC: Journal of Advanced Composition. Bruce Pegg, 217 Alumni, has many sources on writing center theory, such as Writing Center Perspectives. If you want to consult works that Bruce Pegg or I own, please ask to photocopy articles, but not to borrow books and journals. For a list of reference sources on linguistics available in Case Library, click here.

Topic areas:

1. Attitudes toward language
2. Creoles and pidgins
3. Description of African American Vernacular English
4. History of African American Vernacular English
5. Language planning/the English Only movement in the U.S.
6. Men's speech
7. The sociolinguistics of bilingual education
8. Spanish-English language contact situations in the U.S.
9. Standard English
10. Women's speech

1. Attitudes toward language

Al-Kahtany, A.H. "Dialectal Ethnographic 'Cleansing': ESL Students' Attitudes Towards Three Varieties of English." Language and Communication 15.2 (April 1995): 165-80.

Arthur, B., et al. "Evaluation Reactions of College Students to Dialect Differences in the English of Mexican-Americans." Language and Speech 17 (1974): 255-70.

Baker, Colin. Attitudes and Languages. Clevedon, England: Multilingual Matters, 1992.

Bishop, G.D. "Perceived Similarity in Interracial Attitudes and Behaviours: The Effects of Belief and Dialect Style." Journal of Applied Social Psychology 9 (1979): 446-65.

Bradac, James J. "A Rose by Another Name: Attitudinal Consequences of Lexical Variation." Attitudes towards Language Variation: Social and Applied Contexts. Ed. Ellen Bouchard Ryan, et al. London: Edward Arnold, 1982. 99-115.

Brennan, E.M., et al. "Accent Scaling and Language Attitudes: Reactions to Mexican-American English Speech." Language and Speech 24 (1981): 207-21.

Cacioppo, John T., and Richard E. Petty. "Language Variables, Attitudes, and Persuasion." Attitudes towards Language Variation: Social and Applied Contexts. Ed. Ellen Bouchard Ryan, et al. London: Edward Arnold, 1982: 189-207.

Cargile, A.C., et al. "Language Attitudes as a Social Process: A Conceptual Model and New Directions." Language and Communication 14.3 (July 1994): 211-36.

Cote, R., and R. Clement. "Language Attitudes: An Interactive Situated Approach." Language and Communication 14.3 (July 1994): 237-52.

Edwards, John R. "Language Attitudes and Their Implications among English Speakers." Attitudes towards Language Variation: Social and Applied Contexts. Ed. Ellen Bouchard Ryan, et al. London: Edward Arnold, 1982: 20-33.

Fishman, Joshua A., et al. "Attitudes and Beliefs about Spanish and English among Puerto Ricans." Viewpoints 47 (1971): 51-72.

Fox, Dana L., and Mark Vogel. "Dialects and Language Attitudes: Reclaiming Language and Literacy in the Writing Classroom." Journal of Teaching Writing 13.1-2 (1994): 55-74.

Gardner, Robert C. "Language Attitudes and Language Learning." Attitudes towards Language Variation: Social and Applied Contexts. Ed. Ellen Bouchard Ryan, et al. London: Edward Arnold, 1982: 132-47.

Giles, Howard, et al. "Prolegomena for Developing a Social Psychological Theory of Language Attitudes." Attitudes towards Language Variation: Social and Applied Contexts. Ed. Ellen Bouchard Ryan, et al. London: Edward Arnold, 1982. 208-223.

Giles, Howard, et al. "Reactions to Anglo- and Hispanic-American-Accented Speakers: Affect, Identity, Persuasion, and the English-Only Controversy." Language and Communication 15.2 (April 1995): 107-20.

Hall, William S. "Black and White Children's Responses to Black English Vernacular and Standard English Sentences: Evidence for Code-Switching." Black English: A Seminar. Ed. Deborah Sears Harrison and Tom Trabasso. Hillsdale: Erlbaum, 1976.

Hewett, N. "Reactions of Prospective English Teachers Toward Speakers of a Nonstandard Dialect." Language Learning 21 (1971): 205-12.

Hoover, M. "Community Attitudes Toward Black English." Language in Society 7 (1978): 65-87.

Irwin, R. "Judgements of Vocal Quality, Speech Fluency, and Confidence of Southern Black and White Speakers." Language and Speech 20 (1977): 261-6.

Lambert, W.E., et al. "Language Attitudes in a French American Community. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 4 (1975): 127-52.

Lance, Donald M. "Attitudes toward Language Variation." Language Variation in North American English: Research and Teaching. Ed. A. Wayne Glowka and Donald M. Lance. New York: Modern Language Association, 1993. 290-301.

Lewis, Shirley A.R. "Teacher Attitude Change: Does Informing Make a Difference?" Reactions to Ann Arbor: Vernacular Black English and Education. Ed. Marcia Farr Whiteman. Arlington: Center for Applied Linguistics, 1980.

Linn, Michael. "Black and White Adolescent and Pre-Adolescent Attitudes toward Black English." Research in the Teaching of English 16 (1982): 53-69.

Oller, J.W., et al. "Attitudes and Attained Proficiency in ESL: A Sociolinguistic Study of Native Speakers of Chinese in the United States." Language Learning 27 (1977): 1-27.

Ryan, Ellen Bouchard, et al. "An Integrative Perspective for the Study of Attitudes toward Language Variation." Attitudes towards Language Variation: Social and Applied Contexts. Ed. Ellen Bouchard Ryan, et al. London: Edward Arnold, 1982: 1-19.

Seligman, C.R., G.R. Tucker, and W.E. Lambert. "The Effects of Speech Style and Other Attributes on Teachers' Attitudes Towards Pupils." Language in Society 1 (1972): 131-42.

Shuy, Roger, et al., eds. Language Attitudes: Current Trends and Prospects. Washington: Georgetown UP, 1973.

Sole, Y. "Language Attitudes Toward Spanish among Mexican American College Students." Journal of LASSO 2 (1977): 37-46.

St. Clair, Robert N. "From Social History to Language Attitudes." Attitudes towards Language Variation: Social and Applied Contexts. Ed. Ellen Bouchard Ryan, et al. London: Edward Arnold, 1982: 175-88.

Tucker, G.R., et al. "White and Negro Listeners' Reactions to Various American-English Dialects." Social Forces 47 (1969): 463-8.

Williams, F. "The Identification of Linguistic Attitudes." International Journal of the Sociology of Language 3 (1974): 21-32.

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2. Creoles and pidgins

Alleyne, Mervyn C. "The Cultural Matrix of Creolisation." Pidginisation and Creolisation. Ed. Dell Hymes. Cambridge UP, 1971. 169-86.

Bascom, William R. "Acculturation among the Gullah Negroes." American Anthropologist (January-March 1941): 43-50.

Bassett, John. "Gullah: A Negro Patois." The South Atlantic Quarterly 7 (1908): 332-47, 8 (1909): 39-52.

Byrne, Francis, and John Holm, eds. Atlantic Meets Pactific: A Global View of Pidginization and Creolization. Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1993.

DeCamp, D. "Towards a Generative Analysis of a Post-Creole Continuum." Pidginisation and Creolisation. Ed. Dell Hymes. Cambridge UP, 1971.

Dillard, J.L. "The Creolist and the Study of Negro Non-Standard Dialects in the Continental United States." Pidginization and Creolisation of Languages. Ed. Dell Hymes. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1971. 394-408.

Faraclas, Nick. Nigerian Pidgin. New York: Routledge, 1996.

Hair, P.E. "Sierra Leone Items in the Gullah Dialect of American English." Sierra Leone Language Review (1965) 4.

Hancock, Ian. "Gullah and Barbadian: Origins and Relationship." American Speech 55.1 (1980): 17-35.

Holm, John. Pidgins and Creoles. 2 vols. New York: Cambridge UP, 1989.

Holloway, Joseph E., ed. Africanisms in American Culture. Bloomington : Indiana University Press, 1990. E185 .A26 1990

Hymes, Dell, ed. Pidginisation and Creolisation. Cambridge UP, 1971.

Journal of Black Studies (1980): entire issue devoted to Sea Island culture.

LePage, Robert, and Andree Tabouret-Keller. Acts of Identity: Creole-Based Approaches to Language and Ethnicity. New York: Cambridge UP, 1985.

McWhorter, John H. "Looking into the Void: Zero Copula in the Creole Mesolect." American Speech 70.4 (Winter 1995): 339-60.

McWhorter, John H. "The Scarcity of Spanish-Based Creoles Explained." Language in Society 24.2 (June 1995): 213-44.

Meyerhoff, M., and N. Niedzielski. "Resistance to Creolization: An Interpersonal and Intergroup Account." Language and Communication 14.3 (July 1994): 313-30.

Montgomery, Michael. "Africanisms in the American South." Africanisms in Afro-American Language Varieties. Ed. Salikoko S. Mufwene. Athens: U Georgia P, 1993. 439-57. PE3102.N4 A35 1993

Moore, Janie G. "Africanisms among Blacks in the Sea Islands." Journal of Black Studies (June 1980) 10(41).

Morgan, Marcyliena H., ed. Language and the Social Construction of Identity in Creole Situations. Los Angeles: UCLA Center for Afro-American Studies, 1994.

Mufwene, Salikoko S., ed. Africanisms in Afro-American Language Varieties. Athens: U Georgia P, 1993. PE3102.N4 A35 1993

Mufwene, Salikoko S. "Investigating Gullah: Difficulties in Ensuring 'Authenticity.'" Language Variation in North American English: Research and Teaching. Ed. A. Wayne Glowka and Donald M. Lance. New York: Modern Language Association, 1993. 178-90.

Mufwene, Salikoko S. "On the Status of Auxiliary Verbs in Gullah." American Speech 69.1 (Spring 1994): 58-70.

Mufwene, Salikoko S. "Some Reasons Why Gullah Is Not Dying Yet." English World-Wide 12.2 (1991).

Mufwene, Salikoko S., and Charles Gilman. "How African is Gullah, and Why?" American Speech 62 (1987): 120-39.

Muhlhausler, Peter. "On Redefining Creolistics." New Departures in Linguistics. Ed. George Wolf. Garland, 1992. 193-8. P125.N48 1992

Nichols, Patricia C. "Complementizers in Creoles." Working Papers on Language Universals 19 (1975): 131-5.

Nichols, Patricia C. "Creoles of the USA." Language in the USA. Ed. Charles A Ferguson and Shirley Brice Heath. New York: Cambridge UP, 1981. 69-91.

Nichols, Patricia C. "Prepositions in Black and White English of Coastal South Carolina." Language Variety in the South: Perspectives in Black and White. Ed. Michael Montgomery and Guy Bailey. University: U of Alabama P, 1986.

Plag, Ingo. Sentential Complementation in Sranan: On the Formation of an English-Based Creole Language. Tubingen: Niemeyer, 1993.

Todd, Loreto. Pidgins and Creoles. Rev. ed. New York: Routledge, 1991.

Traugott, E.C. "Pidgins, Creoles, and the Origins of Vernacular Black English." Black English: A Seminar. Ed. D.S. Harrison and T. Trabasso. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1976. 57-93.

Turner, Lorenzo Dow. "Linguistic Research and African Survivals." The Interdisciplinary Aspects of Negro Studies. Ed. Melville J. Herskovits. American Council of Learned Societies Bulletin 32 (1941): 68-89.

Turner, Lorenzo Dow. "Problems Confronting the Investigator of Gullah." American Dialect Society 9 (1948): 74-8.

Turner, Lorenzo Dow. Africanisms in the Gullah Dialect. Chicago: U Chicago P, 1949.

Winer, Lise. "Teaching Speakers of Caribbean English Creoles in North American Classrooms." Language Variation in North American English: Research and Teaching. Ed. A. Wayne Glowka and Donald M. Lance. New York: Modern Language Association, 1993. 191-8.

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3. Description of African American Vernacular English

Abrahams, Roger D. "Black Talking on the Streets." Explorations in the Ethnography of Speaking. Eds. Richard Bauman and Joel Sherzer. London: Cambridge UP, 1974. 240-62.

Abrahams, Roger D. "The Training of the Man of Words in Talking Sweet." Language in Society 1 (1972): 15-29.

Abrahams, Roger D. Rapping and Capping: Black Talk as an Art. New York: Basic Books, 1970.

Abrahams, Roger D. Talking Black. Rowley MA: Newbury, 1976.

Abrahams, Roger. "Negotiating Respect: Patterns of Presentation among Black Women." Women and Folklore. Ed. Claire Farrer. U of Texas P, 1975.

Arcola, Dongola. American Language. New York, 1937.

Bailey, Guy. "The Idea of Black English." SECOL Review 14 (Spring 1990): 1-24.

Bailey, Guy, and Natalie Maynor. "The Divergence Controversy." American Speech 64.1 (1989): 12-39.

Brasch, Walter. Black English in the Mass Media. 1981.

Burling, Robbins. English in Black and White. New York: Holt, Rinehart, 1973.

Butters, Ronald R. The Death of Black English: Divergence and Convergence in Black and White Vernaculars. New York: Lang, 1989.

Condit, Celeste Michelle, and John Louis Cucaites. Crafting Equality: America's Anglo-African Word. U Chicago P, 1993.

DeBose, Charles. "Codeswitching: Black English and Standard English in the African-American Linguistic Repertoire." Codeswitching. Ed. Carol Eastman. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 1992. 157-68.

Dillard, J.L. All-American English. New York: Random House, 1975.

Dillard, J.L. Black Names. New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1976.

Dillard, J.L. Lexicon of Black English. New York: Seabury P, 1977.

Edwards, Walter F. "Sociolinguistic Behavior in a Detroit Inner-City Black Neighborhood." Language in Society 21 (1992): 93-115.

Edwards, Walter F. "Two Varieties of English in Detroit." Black English and the Education of Black Children and Youth. Ed. Geneva Smitherman. Detroit: Center for Black Studies, 1981. 393-408.

Erickson, Frederick. "Rhetoric, Anecdote, and Rhapsody: Coherence Strategies in a Conversation Among Black American Adolescents." Coherence in Spoken and Written Discourse. Ed. Deborah Tannen. Advances in Discourse Processes. Vol. 12. Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1984. 81-154.

Fasold, Ralph W. "The Relation between Black and White Speech in the South." American Speech 56 (1981): 163-89.

Fasold, Ralph W., and Walt Wolfram. "Some Linguistic Features of Negro Dialect." Black American English: Its Background and its Usage in the Schools and in Literature. New York: Dell, 1975. 49-83.

Fishman, Joshua A., and J.L. Dillard. Perspectives on Black English. The Hague: Mouton, 1975.

Fishman, Joshua. "The Breadth and Depth of English in the United States." The Florida FL Reporter (Spring/Summer 1969): 41-3, 151.

Folb, Edith. Black Vernacular Vocabulary: A Study of Intra/Intercultural Concerns and Usage. UCLA. 1972.

Goldblatt, Eli C. 'Round My Way: Authority and Double-Consciousness in Three Urban High School Writers. Pittsburgh: U Pittsburgh P, 1995.

Goodwin, Marjorie Harness. He-Said-She-Said: Talk as Social Organization among Black Children. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1991. PE3102.N42 G66 1990

Haskins, J., and H.F. Butts. The Psychology of Black Language. New York: Barnes and Noble, 1973.

Hewitt, R. White Talk Black Talk: Inter-Racial Friendship and Communication Amongst Adolescents. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1986.

Holtgraves, T., and J. Dulin. "The Muhammad Ali Effect: Differences Between African Americans and European Americans in their Perceptions of a Truthful Bragger." Language and Communication 14.3 (July 1994): 275-86.

Jensen, Arthur R. "The Differences Are Real." Psychology Today 7 (1973): 80-82, 84, 86.

Jensen, Arthur R. "How Much Can We Boost IQ and Scholastic Achievement?" Harvard Education Review 39 (1969): 1-123.

Kochman, Thomas, ed. 'Rappin' and 'Stylin' Out; Communication in Urban Black America. Urbana-Champaign: U of Illinois P, 1973. 301.451 K814r

Kochman, Thomas. Black and White Styles in Conflict. U Chicago P, 1981.

Kochman, Thomas. "Towards an Ethnography of Black American Speech Behavior." Afro-American Antthropology: Contemporary Perspectives. Ed. Norman E. Whitten, Jr., and John F. Szwed. New York: Free P, 1970.

Labov, William. "The Logic of Nonstandard English." Georgetown Monographs on Language and Linguistics 22 (1969): 1-31.

Labov, William. The Study of Nonstandard English. Champaign: NCTE, 1970.

Larmouth, Donald W. "Language and Human Conflict: A Case-Study Approach to Language Variation." Language Variation in North American English: Research and Teaching. Ed. A. Wayne Glowka and Donald M. Lance. New York: Modern Language Association, 1993. 219-34.

Loflin, Marvin D. "Black American English and Syntactic Dialectology." Perspectives on Black English. Ed. J.L. Dillard. The Hague: Mouton, 1975. 65-73.

Loflin, Marvin D. "Negro Non-Standard and Standard English: Same or Different Deep Structure?" Orbis 17 (1969): 74-91.

Luelsdorff, Philip A. A Segmental Phonology of Black English. New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1975.

Luelsdorff, Philip A. Linguistic Perspectives on Black English. Regensburg, Germany: Hans Carl, 1975.

Major, Clarence. Dictionary of Afro-American Slang. New York, 1978.

Miller, Michael I. "How to Study Black Speech in Chicago." Language Variation in North American English: Research and Teaching. Ed. A. Wayne Glowka and Donald M. Lance. New York: Modern Language Association, 1993. 164-77.

Mitchell-Kernan, Claudia, and Keith T. Kernan. "Children's Insults: America and Samoa." Sociocultural Dimensions of Language Use. Ed. M. Sanches and B.G. Blounts. New York: Academic P, 1975.

Mitchell-Kernan, Claudia. "Signifying." Mother Wit from the Laughing Barrel: Readings in the Interpretation of Afro-American Folklore. Ed. A. Dundes. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1973. 310-28.

Mitchell-Kernan, Claudia. "Signifying and Marking: Two Afro-American Speech Acts." Directions in Sociolinguistics. Ed. J. Gumperz and D. Hymes. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1972.

Mitchell-Kernan, Claudia. Language Behavior in a Black Urban Community. Monograph 2 of the Language-Behavior Research Laboratory. Berkeley, CA, 1971.

Montgomery, Michael B., et al., eds. Language Variety in the South: Perspectives in Black and White. Papers from the 1981 Conference, University of South Carolina, Columbia, 1-3 October. University: U of Alabama P, 1986.

Morgan, Marcyliena. "The African-American Speech Community: Reality and Sociolinguists." Language and the Social Construction of Identity in Creole Situations. Ed. Marcyliena Morgan. Los Angeles: Center for Afro-American Studies, U of California, Los Angeles, 1994. 121-50.

Mufwene, Salikoko S., ed. Africanisms in Afro-American Language Varieties. Athens: U Georgia P, 1993. PE3102.N4 A35 1993

Myhill, John, and Wendell A. Harris. "The Use of the Verbal -S Inflection in BEV." Diversity and Diachrony. Ed. David Sankoff. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1986. 25-31.

Myhill, John. "The Use of Features of Present-Day AAVE in the Ex-Slave Recordings." American Speech 70.2 (Summer 1995): 115-47.

Myhill, John. "Postvocalic /r/ as an Index of Integration into the BEV Speech Community." American Speech 63 (1988): 203-13.

Nichols, Patricia C. "Black and White Speaking in the Rural South: Difference in the Pronominal System." American Speech 58 (1983): 303-18.

Nichols, Patricia C. "Black Women in the Rural South: Conservative and Innovative." The Sociology of the Languages of American Women: Papers in Southwest English 4. Ed. Betty Lou Dubois and Isabel Crouch. San Antonio: Trinity U, 1976.

Nichols, Patricia C. "Linguistic Options and Choices for Black Women in the Rural South." Language, Gender, and Society. Ed. Barrie Thorne, Cheris Kramarae, and Nancy Henley. New York: Newbury House, 1983. 54-68.

Pharr, Pauline C. "Onomastic Divergence: A Study of Given-Name Trends among African Americans." American Speech 68.4 (Winter 1993): 400-409.

Poplack, Shana, and Sali Tagliamonte. "-S or Nothing: Marking the Plural in the African-American Diaspora." American Speech 69.3 (Fall 1994): 227-59.

Reuter, Grace S. "A Dialect Survey of Rural Georgia: The Progress." Papers in Linguistic Variation: SAMLA-ADS. Ed. David L. Shores and Carole P. Hines. University, AL: U Alabama P, 1977. 33-43.

Rickford, John R.. "Ethnicity as a Sociolinguistic Boundary." American Speech 60 (1985): 99-125. Social dimensions of AAVE.

Robins, Kikanza Nuri, and T. Jean Adenika. "Informal Conversation Topics Among Urban Afro-American Women." Women and Language in Transition. Ed. Joyce Penfield. Albany: SUNY P, 1987. 180-96.

Smitherman, Geneva. Talkin and Testifyin: The Language of Black America. 1977. Detroit: Wayne State UP, 1986.

Spears, Arthur K. "Reassessing the Status of Black English." Language in Society 21 (1992): 675-82.

Stephanson, Edward A. "The Beginnings of the Loss of Postvocalic /r/ in North Carolina." Papers in Linguistic Variation: SAMLA-ADS. Ed. David L. Shores and Carole P. Hines. University, AL: U Alabama P, 1977. 73-94.

Stewart, William A. "Acculturative Processes and the Language of the American Negro." Language in Its Social Setting. Ed. William Gage. Washington, D.C.: Anthropological Society of Washington, 1975.

Stewart, William A. "Continuity and Change in American Negro Dialects." Black-White Speech Relations. Ed. Walt Wolfram and Nona C. Clarke. Arlington: Center for Applied Linguistics, 1971. 74-89.

Stewart, William A. "Observations (1966) on the Problems of Defining Negro Dialect." Perspectives on Black English. Ed. J.L. Dillard. The Hague: Mouton, 1975. 57-64.

Stewart, William A. "Understanding Black Language." Black America. Ed. John F. Szwed. New York: Basic Books, 1970.

Sutliffe, David. System in Black Language. Rev. V. Youssef. Clevedon, England: Multilingual Matters, 1992.

Tarone, Elaine E. "Aspects of Intonation in Black English." American Speech 48 (1973): 29-36.

Troike, Rudolph C. "On Social, Regional, and Age Variation in Black English." Florida FL Reporter (Spring/Fall 1973): 7-8.

Trudgill, Peter. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society. Rev. ed. Penguin, 1983.

Vaughn-Cooke, Anna Fay. The Implementation of Phonological Change: The Case of a Resyllabification in Black English. Dissertation Georgetown 1976. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms, 1977.

Williams, Robert L., ed. Ebonics: the True Language of Black Folks. St. Louis: Robert L. Williams, 1975.

Wolfram, Walt, and Nona C. Clarke, eds. Black-White Speech Relations. Arlington: Center for Applied Linguistics, 1971.

Wolfram, Walt. "The Relationship of White Southern Speech to Vernacular Black English." Language 50.3 (1974): 498-527.

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4. History of African American Vernacular English

"Are Black and White Vernaculars Diverging?" Papers from the NWAVE XIV Panel Discussion. American Speech 62, No. 1 (1987).

"The Speech of Negroes in Colonial America." Journal of Negro History 24.3 (July 1939).

Abrahams, Roger D. The Man-of-Words in the West Indies. Johns Hopkins UP.

Alleyne, Mervyn C. Comparative Afro-American: An Historical-Comparative Study of English-Based Afro-American Dialects of the New World. Ann Arbor: Karoma, 1971.

Alleyne, Mervyn C. "Continuity versus Creativity in Afro-American Language and Culture." Africanisms in Afro-American Language Varieties. Ed. Salikoko S. Mufwene. Athens: U Georgia P, 1993. 167-81. PE3102.N4 A35 1993

Alleyne, Mervyn C. "The Cultural Matrix of Creolisation." Pidginisation and Creolisation. Ed. Dell Hymes. Cambridge UP, 1971. 169-86.

Alleyne, Mervyn C. "The Linguistic Continuity of African in the Caribbean." Topics in Afro-American Studies. Ed. Henry J. Richards. Buffalo: Black Academy P, 1971. 119-34.

Arcola, Dongola. American Language. New York, 1937.

Asante, Molefi Kete. "African Elements in African-American English." Africanisms in American Culture. Ed. Joseph E. Holloway. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1990. 19-34. E185 .A26 1990

Asante, Molefi Kete. African and African American Communication Continuities. Buffalo NY: Council on International Studies, 1975.

Bailey, Guy. "The Idea of Black English." SECOL Review 14 (Spring 1990): 1-24.

Bailey, Guy. "A Perspective on African-American English." American Dialect Research. Ed. Dennis Preston. John Benjamins, 1993. 287-318.

Bailey, Guy, and Natalie Maynor. "The Divergence Controversy." American Speech 64 (1989): 12-39.

Bailey, Guy, Natalie Maynor, and Patrica Cukor-Avila, eds. The Emergence of Black English: Text and Commentary. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1991.

Bastide, Roger. African Civilizations in the New World. Trans. Peter Green. London: C. Hurst, 1971.

Baugh, John. Black Street Speech.: Its History, Structure, and Survival Austin: University of Texas P, 1983. PE3102.N42 B38 1983.

Brewer, Jeutonne. "Subject Concord of BE in Early Black English." Papers in Linguistic Variation: SAMLA-ADS. Ed. David L. Shores and Carole P. Hines. University, AL: U Alabama P, 1977. 161-75.

Cassidy, Frederic G. "Learning from Dictionaries." Language Variation in North American English: Research and Teaching. Ed. A. Wayne Glowka and Donald M. Lance. New York: Modern Language Association, 1993. 63-9.

Dalby, David. "Black Through White: Patterns of Communication in Africa and the New World." Black-White Speech Relations. Ed. Walt Wolfram and Nona C. Clarke. Arlington: Center for Applied Linguistics, 1971. 99-138.

Dalby, David. "O.K., A.O.K. and Oke." New York Times (8 January 1971).

Dalby, David. "The African Element in American English." Rappin' and Stylin' Out: Communication in Urban Black America. Ed. Thomas Kochman. Urbana: U of Illinois P, 1972. 301.451 K814r

Dalgish, Gerald M. A Dictionary of Africanisms: Contributions of Sub-Saharan Africa to the English Language. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1972. PE3401 .D3 1982

Decamp, David. "Introduction: The Study of Pidgin and Creole Languages." Pidginization and Creolization of Languages. Ed. Dell Hymes. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1971. 13-39. 410.63 P594

Dillard, J.L. All-American English. New York: Random House, 1975.

Dillard, J.L. Black English: Its History and Usage in the United States. New York: Random House, 1973.

Dillard, J.L. "Non-Standard Negro Dialects: Convergence or Divergence?" Afro-American Anthropology: Contemporary Perspectives. Ed. Norman E. Whitten, Jr., and John F. Szwed. New York: Free P, 1970. GN645 .W45

Dillard, J.L. "On a Context for Dialect Data: The Case of Black English." The Florida FL Reporter (Spring/Fall 1972): 17-18, 53-4.

Dillard, J.L. "On the Beginnings of Black English in the New World." Linguistic Perspectives on Black English. Ed. Philip A. Luelsdorff. Regensburg, Germany: Hans Carl, 1975. 29-44.

Dillard, J.L. "The Creolist and the Study of Negro Non-Standard Dialects in the Continental United States." Pidginization and Creoloization of Languages. Ed. Dell Hymes. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1971. 394-408.

Dillard, J.L. "The Historian's History and the Reconstructionist's History in the Tracing of Linguistic Variants." The Florida FL Reporter (Spring/Fall 1973): 9-10, 41.

Edwards, Walter F., and Donald Winford, Eds. Verb Phrase Patterns in Black English and Creole. Detroit: Wayne State UP, 1991.

Fishman, Joshua A., and J.L. Dillard. Perspectives on Black English. The Hague: Mouton, 1975.

Fasold, Ralph W. "Are Black and White Vernaculars Diverging?" American Speech 62 (1987): 3-5.

Fasold, Ralph W. "Decreolization and Autonomous Language Change." The Florida FL Reporter 10 (1972): 9-12, 51.

Garrett, Romeo B. "African Survivals in American Culture." Journal of Negro History 51.4 (October 1966): 239-46.

Gibson, Kean. "The Habitual Category in Guyanese and Jamaican Creoles." American Speech 63 (1988): 195-202.

Gilroy, Paul. The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double-Consciousness. Harvard UP, 1993. Traces the emergence of a shared black culture that transcends the boundaries of Africa, the Caribbean, Europe, and the United States.

Greenberg, Joseph H. "The Languages of Africa." Publication no. 25 of the Indiana U Research Center in Anthropology, Folklore, and Linguistics (January 1963).

Hall, Robert A. "The African Substratum in Negro English." American Speech 25 (1950): 51-4.

Holloway, Joseph E., and Winifred K. Vass. The African Heritage of American English. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1993. PE3102.N4 H65 1993

Howard, Rebecca Moore. "The Great Wall of African American Vernacular English in the American College Classroom." JAC 16.2 (1996): 265-84.

Huttar, George. "Identifying Africanisms in New World Languages: How Specific Can We Get?" Africanisms in Afro-American Language Varieties. Ed. Salikoko S. Mufwene. Athens: U Georgia P, 1993. 47-63. PE3102.N4 A35 1993

Keller, Bruce, ed. The Harlem Renaissance: A Historical Dictionary from the Era. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1989.

Labov, William. "The Notion of 'System' in Creole Studies." Pidginization and Creolization of Languages. Ed. Del Hymes. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1971. 447-72.

Livingston-Webber, Joan. "The Debate over the Historical Origins of Black English." Unpublished manuscript. 1984.

Mahar, William J. "Black English in Early Blackface Minstrelsy: A New Interpretation of the Sources of Minstrel Show Dialect." American Quarterly (Summer 1985).

Mazrui, Ali A. The Political Sociology of English Language: An African Perspective. New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1975.

Millward, Celia. "Benewell Kemler's Black English." American Speech 69.2 (Summer 1994): 155-67.

Montgomery, Michael. "Africanisms in the American South." Africanisms in Afro-American Language Varieties. Ed. Salikoko S. Mufwene. Athens: U Georgia P, 1993. 439-57. PE3102.N4 A35 1993

Muffett, D.J. "Uncle Remus Was a Hausaman?" Southern Folklore Quarterly 39 (1975): 151-66.

Mufwene, Salikoko S., ed. Africanisms in Afro-American Language Varieties. Athens: U Georgia P, 1993. PE3102.N4 A35 1993

Myhill, John. "The Use of Features of Present-Day AAVE in the Ex-Slave Recordings." American Speech 70.2 (Summer 1995): 115-47.

Nurse, Derek, and Thomas Spear. The Swahili: Reconstructing the History and Language of an African Society. U of Pennsylvania P, 1985.

Philips, John Edward. "The African Heritage of White America." Africanisms in American Culture. Ed. Joseph E. Holloway. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1990. 225-39.

Pitts, Walter. "West African Poetics in the Black Preaching Style." American Speech 64 (1989): 137-49. Social dimensions of AAVE.

Puckett, Newbell Niles. Black Names in America: Origins and Usage. Boston: G.K. Hall, 1975.

Schneider, Edgar W. "Africanisms in the Grammar of Afro-American English: Weighing the Evidence." Africanisms in Afro-American Language Varieties. Ed. Salikoko S. Mufwene. Athens: U Georgia P, 1993. 209-21. PE3102.N4 A35 1993

Stewart, William A. "Sociolinguistic Factors in the History of American Negro Dialects." Black-White Speech Relations. Ed. Walt Wolfram and Nona C. Clarke. Arlington: Center for Applied Linguistics, 1971. 51-73.

Stewart, William A. "Toward a History of American Negro Dialect." Language and Poverty. Ed. F. Williams. Chicago: Markham, 1970. 351-79.

Taylor, Douglas. Languages of the West Indies. Johns Hopkins UP.

Traugott, E.C. "Pidgins, Creoles, and the Origins of Vernacular Black English." Black English: A Seminar. Ed. D.S. Harrison and T. Trabasso. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1976. 57-93.

Turner, Lorenzo Dow. Africanisms in the Gullah Dialect. Chicago: U Chicago P, 1949.

Turner, Lorenzo Dow. "Linguistic Research and African Survivals." The Interdisciplinary Aspects of Negro Studies. Ed. Melville J. Herskovits. American Council of Learned Societies Bulletin 32 (1941): 68-89.

Twiggs, Robert D. Pan-African Language in the Wastern Hemisphere, PALWH {paelwh}: A Re-definition of Black Dialect as a Language and the Culture of Black Dialect. Hanover: Christopher, 1973.

Vass, Winifred Kellersberger. The Bantu-Speaking Heritage of the United States. UCLA. 1979.

Weber, S.N. "The Need to Be: The Sociocultural Significance of Black Language." Intercultural Communication: A Reader. 6th ed. Ed. LA. Samovar and R.E. Porter. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1991. 277-82.

Westcott, R.W. "Bini Names in Nigeria and Georgia." Linguistics (March 1974).

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5. Language planning/the English Only movement in the U.S.

Adams, Karen L., and Daniel T. Brink, eds. Perspectives on Official English. New York: Mouton, 1990.

Ammon, Ulrich, ed. Status and Function of Languages and Language Varieties. 1989.

Auerbach, Elsa. "The Challenge of the English Only Movement." College English 54.7 (November 1992): 843-51.

Baron, Dannis. "The Legal Status of English in Illinois: Case Study of a Multilingual State." Not Only English: Affirming America's Multilingual Heritage. Ed. Harvey A. Daniels. Urbana, Illinois: NCTE, 1990. 13-26.

Baron, Dennis E. Grammar and Good Taste: Reforming the American Language. New Haven: Yale UP, 1982.

Baron, Dennis E. The English-Only Question: An Official Language for Americans? New Haven, CT: Yale UP.

Beebe, L. "Social and Situational Factors Affecting the Communicative Strategy of Dialect Code-Switching." International Journal of the Sociology of Language 30 (1981): 139-46.

Benally, AnCita, and T.L. McCarty. "The Navaho Language Today." Perspectives on Official English. Ed. Karen L. Adams and Daniel T. Brink. 237-46.

Butler, Melvin, ed. Students' Right to Their Own Language. Urbana: NCTE, 1974.

Cafferty, Pastora San Juan. "The Language Question: The Dilemma of Bilingual Education for Hispanics in America." Ethnic Relations in America. Ed. Lance Liebman. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1982. 101-127.

Centro de Estudios Puertorriquenos. "Language Policy and the Puerto Rican Community." The Bilingual Review/La Revista Bilingue 5 (1978): 1-39.

Combs, Mary Carol, and Lynn M. Lynch. "Disillusionment with Official English and the Search for Alternatives." Not Only English: Affirming America's Multilingual Heritage. Ed. Harvey A. Daniels. Urbana, Illinois: NCTE, 1990. 99-108.

Correa-Zoli, Yole. "The Language of Italian Americans." Language in the USA. Ed. Charles Ferguson and Shirley Brice Heath. New York: Cambridge UP, 1981. 239-56.

Coulmas, Florian, ed. Linguistic Minorities and Literacy: Language Policy Issues in Developing Countries. New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1984.

Daniels, Harvey A. "The Roots of Language Protectionism." Not Only English: Affirming America's Multilingual Heritage. Ed. Harvey A. Daniels. Urbana, Illinois: NCTE, 1990. 3-12.

Daniels, Harvey A. "What One Teacher Can Do." Not Only English: Affirming America's Multilingual Heritage. Ed. Harvey A. Daniels. Urbana, Illinois: NCTE, 1990. 121-30.

Daniels, Harvey A., ed. Not Only English: Affirming America's Multilingual Heritage. NCTE, 1990.

Davis, Vivian I. "Paranoia in Language Politics." Not Only English: Affirming America's Multilingual Heritage. Ed. Harvey A. Daniels. Urbana, Illinois: NCTE, 1990. 71-6.

Diamond, Stanley. "English--The Official Language of California, 1983-1988." Perspectives on Official English. Ed. Karen L. Adams and Daniel T. Brink. 107-120 (includes introduction to the section).

Drake, G.F. The Role of Prescriptivism in American Linguistics, 1820-1970. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, B.V., 1977.

Fishman, Joshua A. "Bilingual Education, Language Planning and English." English Varieties World-Wide 1.1 (1980): 11-24.

Flaitz, Jeffra. The Ideology of English: French Perceptions of English as a World Language. New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1988.

Frick, Elizabeth. "Metaphors and Motives of Language-Restriction Movements." Not Only English: Affirming America's Multilingual Heritage. Ed. Harvey A. Daniels. Urbana, Illinois: NCTE, 1990. 27-36.

Garcia, Ofelia, ed. Bilingual Education. Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1991.

Giles, Howard, et al. "Reactions to Anglo- and Hispanic-American-Accented Speakers: Affect, Identity, Persuasion, and the English-Only Controversy." Language and Communication 15.2 (April 1995): 107-20.

Gonzales, Roseann Due–as. "In the Aftermath of the ELA: Stripping Language Minorities of Their Rights." Not Only English: Affirming America's Multilingual Heritage. Ed. Harvey A. Daniels. Urbana, Illinois: NCTE, 1990. 49-60.

Harshav, Benjamin. Language in Time of Revolution. U California P, 1990. The revival of Hebrew in Jewish society.

Heath, Shirley Brice. "English in Our Language Heritage." Language in the USA. Ed. Charles Ferguson and Shirley Brice Heath. New York: Cambridge UP, 1981. 6-20.

Heller, Monica, et al. Codeswitching: Antropological and Sociolinguistic Perspectives. New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1988.

Judd, Elliot L. "The Federal English Language Amendment: Prospects and Perils." Not Only English: Affirming America's Multilingual Heritage. Ed. Harvey A. Daniels. Urbana, Illinois: NCTE, 1990. 37-46.

Lamy, Paul, ed. Language Planning and Identity Planning. New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1979.

Lewis, E. Glyn. Bilingual Education. New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1985.

Macedo, Donaldo. "English Only: The Tongue Tying of America." Journal of Education 173.2 (1991): 9-19.

Magnet, Joseph E. "Canadian Perspectives on Official English." Perspectives on Official English. Ed. Karen L. Adams and Daniel T. Brink. 53-62.

Marshall, David F., and Roseann D. Gonzalez. "Una Lingua, una Patria? Is Monolingualism Beneficial or Harmful to a Nation's Unity?" Perspectives on Official English. Ed. Karen L. Adams and Daniel T. Brink. 29-52.

Marshall, David F., ed. Language Planning. Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1991.

Moran, Rachel F. "Language and the Law in the Classroom: Bilingual Education and the Official English Initiative." Perspectives on Official English. Ed. Karen L. Adams and Daniel T. Brink. 285-92.

Padilla, Amado M. "English Only vs. Bilingual Education: Ensuring a Language Competent Society." Journal of Education 173.2 (1991): 38-49.

Padilla, R.V., ed. Bilingual Education and Public Policy in the United States. Ypsilanti: Bilingual Programs, Eastern Michigan University, 1979.

Porter, Rosalie Pedalino. Forked Tongue: The Politics of Bilingual Education. New York: HarperCollins.

Rubin, Joan, ed. Language Planning in the United States. New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1985.

Rubin, Joan, ed. Language Planning Processes. New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1977.

Ruiz, Richard. "Official Languages and Language Planning." Perspectives on Official English. Ed. Karen L. Adams and Daniel T. Brink. 11-26.

Sanchez-Camara, Florencio, and Felipe Ayala, eds. Concepts for Communication and Development in Bilingual-Bicultural Communities. New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1979.

Shopen, Timothy. Languages and Their Speakers. Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania P, 1987.

Sledd, James. "Anglo-Conformity: Folk Remedy for Lost Hegemony." Not Only English: Affirming America's Multilingual Heritage. Ed. Harvey A. Daniels. Urbana, Illinois: NCTE, 1990. 87-96.

Smitherman, Geneva. "The 'Mis-education of the Negro'--And You Too." Not Only English: Affirming America's Multilingual Heritage. Ed. Harvey A. Daniels. Urbana, Illinois: NCTE, 1990. 109-20.

Smitherman-Donaldson, Geneva. "Toward a National Public Policy on Language." College English 49 (1987): 29-36.

Stalker, James C. "Official English and the English Profession." Not Only English: Affirming America's Multilingual Heritage. Ed. Harvey A. Daniels. Urbana, Illinois: NCTE, 1990. 61-8.

Trasvina, John. "Bilingualism and the Constitution." Perspectives on Official English. Ed. Karen L. Adams and Daniel T. Brink.

Trudgill, Peter, and Jean Hannah. International English. 2nd ed. Edward Arnold, 1985.

Villanueva, Victor, Jr. Bootstraps: From an American Academic of Color. Urbana, IL: National Council of Teachers of English, 1993.

Villanueva, Victor, Jr. "Solamente Ingles and Hispanics." Not Only English: Affirming America's Multilingual Heritage. Ed. Harvey A. Daniels. Urbana, Illinois: NCTE, 1990. 77-6.

Weinstein, James. "Is Language Choice a Constitutional Right?: Outline of a Constitutional Analysis." Ed. Karen L. Adams and Daniel T. Brink.

Zall, Barnaby W., and Sharon McCloe Stein. "Legal Background and History of the English Language Movement." Perspectives on Official English. Ed. Karen L. Adams and Daniel T. Brink. 261-72.

Zentella, Ana Celia. "Who Supports Official English, and Why?: The Influence of Social Variables and Questionnaire Methodology." Perspectives on Official English. Ed. Karen L. Adams and Daniel T. Brink. 161-80.

Zepeda, Ofelia. "American Indian Language Policy." Perspectives on Official English. Ed. Karen L. Adams and Daniel T. Brink. 247-58.

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6. Men's speech

Baron, Dennis. Grammar and Gender. Yale UP, 1986.

Bebout, Linda. "Asymmetries in Male/Female Word Pairs: A Decade of Change." American Speech 70.2 (Summer 1995): 163-85.

Cameron, Deborah, and Jennifer Coates. "Some Problems in the Sociolinguistic Explanation of Sex Differences." Women in Their Speech Communities: New Perspectives on Language and Sex. Ed. Jennifer Coates and Deborah Cameron. New York: Longman, 1988. 13-26.

Connors, Robert J. "Teaching and Learning as a Man." College English 58.2 (February 1996): 137-58.

Henton, Caroline. "The Abnormality of Male Speech." New Departures in Linguistics. Ed. George Wolf. Garland, 1992. 27-59. P125.N48 1992

Henton, Caroline. "Pitch Dynamism in Female and Male Speech." Language and Communication 15.1 (January 1995): 43-62.

Kramarae, Cheris. "Speech Styles Approach." Women and Men Speaking: Frameworks for Analysis. New York: Newbury House, 1981.

Lance, Donald M. "Investigating Sex-Marked Language." Language Variation in North American English: Research and Teaching. Ed. A. Wayne Glowka and Donald M. Lance. New York: Modern Language Association, 1993. 242-50.

Mackenzie, Adrian. "A Troubled Materiality: Masculinism and Computation." Discourse 18.3 (Spring 1996).

McConnell-Ginet, Sally. "Intonation in a Man's World." Language, Gender, and Society. Ed. Barrie Thorne, Cheris Kramarae, and Nancy Henley. New York: Newbury House, 1983.

Meyers, Miriam Watkins. "Teaching about Sex Variation in Language." Language Variation in North American English: Research and Teaching. Ed. A. Wayne Glowka and Donald M. Lance. New York: Modern Language Association, 1993. 235-41.

Radtke, H. Lorraine, and Henderikus J. Stam, eds. Power/Gender: Social Relations in Theory and Practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1994.

Rosen, David. The Changing Fictions of Masculinity. Champaign: U Illinois P, 1993.

Sattel, Jack W. "Men, Inexpressiveness, and Power." Language, Gender, and Society. Ed. Barrie Thorne, Cheris Kramarae, and Nancy Henley. New York: Newbury House, 1983. 119-24.

Sherzer, Joel. "A Diversity of Voices: Men's and Women's Speech in Ethnographic Perspective." Language, Gender, and Sex in Comparative Perspective. Ed. Susan U. Philips, Susan Steele, and Christine Tanz. New York: Cambridge UP, 1987.

Smith, Philip M. "Sex Markers in Speech." Social Markers in Speech. Ed. Klaus R. Scherer and Howard Giles. New York: Cambridge UP, 1979. 109-46.

Thomas, Calvin. Male Matters: Masculinity, Anxiety, and the Male Body on the Line. Champaign: U Illinois P, 1996.

Tobin, Lad. "Car Wrecks, Baseball Caps, and Man-to-Man Defense: The Personal Narratives of Adolescent Males," College English 58.2 (February 1996): 158-75.

Walters, Keith. "The Spread of Nonsexist Language: Planning for Usage That Includes Us All." Publication of the American Dialect Society 78 (1994): 91-100.

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7. The sociolinguistics of bilingual education

Baker, Colin. Attitudes and Language. Philadelphia: Multilingual Matters, 1992.

Baker, Colin. Foundations of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism. Philadelphia: Multilingual Matters, 1993.

Baker, Colin. Key Issues in Bilingualism and Bilingual Education. 1988.

Cafferty, Pastora San Juan. "The Language Question: The Dilemma of Bilingual Education for Hispanics in America." Ethnic Relations in America. Ed. Lance Liebman. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1982. 101-127.

Cazden, Courtney B., and David K. Dickinson. "Language in Education: Standardization Versus Cultural Pluralism." Language in the USA. Ed. Charles Ferguson and Shirley Brice Heath. 446-68.

Edwards, John. Multilingualism. New York: Routledge, 1995.

Galindo, D. Letticia. "Bilingualism and Language Variation among Chicanos in the Southwest." Language Variation in North American English: Research and Teaching. Ed. A. Wayne Glowka and Donald M. Lance. New York: Modern Language Association, 1993. 199-218.

Gilbert, Glenn G. "French and German: A Comparative Study." Language in the USA. Ed. Charles Ferguson and Shirley Brice Heath. New York: Cambridge UP, 1981. 257-72.

Gumperz, John J., and Eduardo Hernandez-Chavez. "Bilingualism, Bidialectalism, and Classroom Interaction." Functions of Language in the Classroom. Ed. Courtney B. Cazden, Vera P. John, and Dell Hymes. New York: Teachers College, Columbia U, 1972. 84-110.

Gumperz, John J., and Jenny Cook-Gumperz. "Ethnic Differences in Communicative Style." Language in the USA. Ed. Charles Ferguson and Shirley Brice Heath. New York: Cambridge UP, 1981. 430-45.

Moran, Rachel F. "Language and the Law in the Classroom: Bilingual Education and the Official English Initiative." Perspectives on Official English. Ed. Karen L., Adams and Daniel T. Brink. 285-92.

Paulston, Christina Bratt. "Bilingualism and Education." Language in the USA. Ed. Charles A. Ferguson and Shirley Brice Heath. New York: Cambridge UP, 1981. 469-85.

Shen, Fan. "The Classroom and the Wider Culture: Identity as a Key to Learning English Composition." College Composition and Communication 40 (December 1989): 459-66.

Taylor, Hanni U. Standard English, Black English and Bidialectism: A Controversy. New York: Peter Lang, 1989.

Troike, R.C. "Receptive Bidialectalism: Implications for Second-Dialect Teaching." Language and Cultural Diversity in American Education. Ed. R.D. Abrahams and R.C. Troike. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1972. 305-10.

Villanueva, Victor, Jr. Bootstraps: From an American Academic of Color. Urbana, IL: National Council of Teachers of English, 1993.

Wolfram, Walt. "Bidialectal Literacy in the United States." Adult Biliteracy in the United States. Ed. D. Spener. McHenry, IL: Center for Applied Linguistics/Delta Systems, 1994. 71-88.

Yang, Kuo-Shu, and Michael H. Bond. "Ethnic Affirmation by Chinese Bilinguals." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 11 (1980): 411-25.

Zentella, Ana Celia. "Language Variety Among Puerto Ricans." Language in the USA. Ed. Charles Ferguson and Shirley Brice Heath. New York: Cambridge UP, 1981. 218-38.

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8. Spanish-English language contact situations in the U.S.

Arthur, B., et al. "Evaluation Reactions of College Students to Dialect Differences in the English of Mexican-Americans." Language and Speech 17 (1974): 255-70.

Barker, G.C. "Social Functions of Language in a Mexican American Community." Acta Americana 4 (1947): 189-92.

Berk-Seligson, S. "A Sociolinguistic View of the Mexican-American Speech Community: A Review of the Literature." Latin American Research Review 15 (1980): 65-110.

Brennan, E.M., et al. "Accent Scaling and Language Attitudes: Reactions to Mexican-American English Speech." Language and Speech 24 (1981): 207-21.

Briggs, Charles L. Competence in Performance: The Creativity of Tradition in Mexicano Verbal Art. Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania P, 1988.

Cafferty, Pastora San Juan. "The Language Question: The Dilemma of Bilingual Education for Hispanics in America." Ethnic Relations in America. Ed. Lance Liebman. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1982. 101-127.

Centro de Estudios Puertorriquenos. "Language Policy and the Puerto Rican Community." The Bilingual Review/La Revista Bilingue 5 (1978): 1-39.

Craddock, Jerry R. "New World Spanish." Language in the USA. Ed. Charles Ferguson and Shirley Brice Heath. 196-214.

Diaz-Guerrero, Rogelio, and Lorand B. Szalay. Understanding Mexicans and Americans: Cultural Perspectives in Conflict. New York: Plenum, 1991.

Elias-Olivares, Lucia, et al. Spanish Language Use and Public Life in the United States. New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1985.

Elias-Olivares, Lucia. "Language Use in a Chicano Community: A Sociolinguistic Approach." Working Papers in Sociolinguistics Number 30. Austin: Southwest Educational Development Laboratory, 1976.

Fishman, Joshua A., et al. "Attitudes and Beliefs about Spanish and English among Puerto Ricans." Viewpoints 47 (1971): 51-72.

Frazer, Timothy C. "Chicano English and Spanish Interference in the Midwestern United States." American Speech 71.1 (Spring 1996): 72-85.

Giles, Howard, et al. "Reactions to Anglo- and Hispanic-American-Accented Speakers: Affect, Identity, Persuasion, and the English-Only Controversy." Language and Communication 15.2 (April 1995): 107-20.

Gonzalez, Roseann Duenas. "Teaching Mexican-American Students to Write: Capitalizing on the Culture." English Journal 71 (November 1982): 20-4.

King, Linda. Roots of Identity: Language and Literacy in Mexico. Stanford, CA: Stanford UP, 1994.

Kirschner, Samual A., and G. Howard Poteet. "Non-Standard English Usage in the Writing of Black, White, and Hispanic Remedial English Students in an Urban Community College." Research in the Teaching of English 7 (1973): 351-5.

Language Policy Task Force. "Social Dimensions of Language Use in East Harlem." Centro Working Papers No. 7. New York: Centro de Estudios Puertorriquenos, 1980.

Larmouth, Donald W. "Language and Human Conflict: A Case-Study Approach to Language Variation." Language Variation in North American English: Research and Teaching. Ed. A. Wayne Glowka and Donald M. Lance. New York: Modern Language Association, 1993. 219-34.

McWhorter, John H. "The Scarcity of Spanish-Based Creoles Explained." Language in Society 24.2 (June 1995): 213-44.

Meier, Kenneth J., and Joseph Stewart, Jr. The Politics of Hispanic Education: Un paso pa'lante y dos pa'tras. SUNY P, 1991.

Morris, M. Saying and Meaning in Puerto Rico: Some Problems in the Ethnography of Discourse. Tarrytown, NY: Elsevier, 1981.

Penalosa, F. Chicano Sociolinguistics--A Brief Introduction. Rowley: Newbury House, 1980.

Roca, Ana, and John M. Lipski, eds. Spanish in the United States: Linguistic Contact and Diversity. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1993.

Rodriguez, Richard. Hunger of Memory: The Education of Richard Rodriguez; An Autobiography. Boston, Mass.: David R. Godine, 1981.

Santa Ana, Otto A. "The Nature of the Chicano Language Setting and D efinition of Chicano English." Hispanic Journal of the Behavioral Sciences 15.1 (1993). 3-35.

Santa Ana, Otto A. "Sonority and Syllable Structure in Chicano English." Language Variation and Change 8.1 (1996).

Sole, Y. "Language Attitudes Toward Spanish among Mexican American College Students." Journal of LASSO 2 (1977): 37-46.

Villanueva, Victor, Jr. Bootstraps: From an American Academic of Color. Urbana, IL: National Council of Teachers of English, 1993.

Villanueva, Victor, Jr. "Solamente Ingles and Hispanics." Not Only English: Affirming America's Multilingual Heritage. Ed. Harvey A. Daniels. Urbana, Illinois: NCTE, 1990. 77-6.

Wald, Benji. "Spanish-English Grammatical Contact in Los Angeles: The Grammar of Reported Speech in the East Los Angeles Contact Vernacular." Linguistics 25 (1987): 53-80.

Zentella, Ana Celia. "Language Variety Among Puerto Ricans." Language in the USA. Ed. Charles Ferguson and Shirley Brice Heath. New York: Cambridge UP, 1981. 218-38.

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9. Standard English

Algeo, John. "What Makes Good English Good?" Linguistics for Teachers. Ed. Linda Miller Cleary and Michael D. Lin. New York: McGraw, 1993. 473-82.

Ammon, Ulrich, ed. Dialect and Standard in Highly Industrialized Societies. New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1979.

Amsler, Mark. "From Standard Latin to Standard English." Language Variation in North American English: Research and Teaching. Ed. A. Wayne Glowka and Donald M. Lance. New York: Modern Language Association, 1993. 282-9.

Bailey, Richard W. "Whose Usage? Fred Newton Scott and the Standard of Speech." Publication of the American Dialect Society 78 (1994): 1-9.

Baron, Dennis E. Declining Grammar and Other Essays on the English Vocabulary. Urbana, IL: National Council of Teachers of English, 1989.

Baron, Dennis E. Grammar and Good Taste: Reforming the American Language. New Haven: Yale UP, 1982.

Bartholomae, David. "The Study of Error." College Composition and Communication 31 (1980): 253-69.

Berk, Lynn M. "Prescriptive Versus Descriptive: The Role of Reference Books." Publication of the American Dialect Society 78 (1994): 108-14.

Broaddus, Dottie. "Standard Academic English and My Kentucky Dialect." ATAC Forum 5.1 (Spring 1993): 1-3.

Butler, Melvin, ed. Students' Right to Their Own Language. Urbana: NCTE, 1974.

Cazden, Courtney B., and David K. Dickinson. "Language in Education: Standardization Versus Cultural Pluralism." Language in the USA. Ed. Charles Ferguson and Shirley Brice Heath. 446-68.

Coye, Dale. "A Linguistic Survey of College Freshmen: Keeping Up with Standard American English." American Speech 69.3 (Fall 1994): 260-84.

Crittenden, Charlotte C. "'Broad Reference' in Pronouns: Handbooks Versus Professional Writers." Publication of the American Dialect Society 78 (1994): 115-22.

Crowley, Tony. Proper English? Readings in Language, History, and Cultural Identity. New York: Routledge, 1991. PE1074.7 .C7 1991

DeBose, Charles. "Codeswitching: Black English and Standard English in the African-American Linguistic Repertoire." Codeswitching. Ed. Carol Eastman. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 1992. 157-68.

Deuchar, Margaret. "A Pragmatic Account of Women's Use of Standard Speech." Women in Their Speech Communities: New Perspectives on Language and Sex. Ed. Jennifer Coates and Deborah Cameron. New York: Longman, 1988. 27-32.

Douglas, W. "Rhetoric for the Meritocracy: The Creation of Composition at Harvard." English in America: A Radical View of the Profession. Ed. R. Ohmann. NY: Oxford UP, 1976.

Drake, G.F. The Role of Prescriptivism in American Linguistics, 1820-1970. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, B.V., 1977.

Farr, Marcia, and Harvey Daniels. Language Diversity and Writing Instruction. Urbana, Illinois: National Council of Teachers of English, 1986.

Farrell, Thomas. "IQ and Standard English." College Composition and Communication 34 (1983): 470-84.

Fisher, John H. The Emergence of Standard English. Lexington: UP of Kentucky, 1996.

Fishman, Joshua A., and Erika Lueders-Salmon. "What has the Sociology of Language to Say to the Teacher? On Teaching the Standard Variety to Speakers of Dialectal or Sociolectal Varieties." Functions of Language in the Classroom. Ed. Courtney B. Cazden, Vera P. John, and Dell Hymes. New York: Teachers College, Columbia U, 1972. 67-83.

Giannasi, Jenefer M. "Language Varieties and Composition." Teaching Composition: Twelve Bibliographical Essays. Ed. Gary Tate. Texas Christian UP, 1987: 227-64.

Gilbert, Glenn G. "French and German: A Comparative Study." Language in the USA. Ed. Charles Ferguson and Shirley Brice Heath. New York: Cambridge UP, 1981. 257-72.

Gilyard, Keith. Voices of the Self: A Study of Language Competence. Detroit: Wayne State UP, 1991.

Glowka, A. Wayne, and Donald M. Lance. Language Variation in North American English: Research and Teaching. New York: Modern Language Association, 1994.

Greenbaum, Sidney. Good English and the Grammarian. London: Longman, 1988.

Gumperz, John J., and Jenny Cook-Gumperz. "Ethnic Differences in Communicative Style." Language in the USA. Ed. Charles Ferguson and Shirley Brice Heath. New York: Cambridge UP, 1981. 430-45.

Hairston, Maxine. "Not All Errors Are Created Equal: Nonacademic Readers in the Professions Respond to Lapses in Usage." College English 43 (1981): 794-806.

Hartwell, Patrick. "Dialect Interference in Writing: A Critical View." Research in the Teaching of English 14 (1980): 101-18.

Heath, Shirley Brice. "English in our Language Heritage." Language in the USA. Ed. Charles A. Ferguson and Shirley Brice Heath. New York: Cambridge UP, 1981. 6-21.

Hewett, N. "Reactions of Prospective English Teachers Toward Speakers of a Nonstandard Dialect." Language Learning 21 (1971): 205-12.

Horner, Bruce. "Rethinking the 'Sociality' of Error: Teaching Editing as Negotiation." Rhetoric Review 11.1 (1992): 172-99.

Howard, Rebecca Moore. "The Great Wall of African American Vernacular English in the American College Classroom." JAC 16.2 (1996): 265-84.

Irvine, Patricia, and Nan Elsasser. "The Ecology of Literacy: Negotiating Writing Standards in a Caribbean Setting." The Social Construction of Written Communication. Ed. Bennett A. Rafoth and Donald L. Rubin. Norwood NJ: Ablex, 1988. 304-20.

Jernudd, Bjorn H., and Michael J. Shapiro, eds. The Politics of Language Purism. New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1989.

Jordan, June. "Nobody Mean More to Me Than You and the Future Life of Willie Jordan." Women's Voices and Perspectives. Ed. Pat C. Hoy. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1990. 107-119.

Kirschner, Samual A., and G. Howard Poteet. "Non-Standard English Usage in the Writing of Black, White, and Hispanic Remedial English Students in an Urban Community College." Research in the Teaching of English 7 (1973): 351-5.

Labov, William. "The Logic of Nonstandard English." Georgetown Monographs on Language and Linguistics 22 (1969): 1-31.

Labov, William. Sociolinguistic Patterns. Philadelphia: U Pennsylvania P, 1973.

Labov, William. "Stages in the Acquisition of Standard English." Social Dialects and Language Learning. Ed. Roger Shuy. Champaign: National Council of Teachers of English, 1964. 77-103.

Labov, William. The Social Stratification of English in New York City. Washington: Center for Applied Linguistics, 1966.

Labov, William. The Study of Nonstandard English. Champaign: NCTE, 1970.

Malcolm X. "Coming to an Awareness of Language." Language Awareness. Ed. Paul Escholz, Alfred Rosa, and Virginia Clark. New York: St. Martin's P, 1986. 13-16.

Maybin, Janet, and Neil Mercer. Using English: From Conversation to Canon. London: Routledge, 1996.

Meyers, Walter E. "Usage Items in Current Handbooks of Composition." Publication of the American Dialect Society 78 (1994): 129-37.

Milroy, L. Language and Social Networks. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1980.

Mugglestone, Lynda. "Talking Proper": The Rise of Accent as Social Symbol. Oxford: Clarendon P, 1995.

Myers-Scotton, Carol. "Making Ethnicity Salient in Codeswitching." Language and Ethnicity. Ed. James R. Dow. Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1991. 95-110.

Parakrama, Arjuna. De-Hegemonizing Language Standards: Learning from (Post) Colonial Englishes about "English." New York: St. Martin's, 1996.

Piche, G.L. "Class and Culture in the Development of the High School English Curriculum, 1880-1900." Research in the Teaching of English 11 (1977): 17-27.

Rodriguez, Richard. Hunger of Memory: The Education of Richard Rodriguez; An Autobiography. Boston, Mass.: David R. Godine, 1981.

Scott, Jerrie Cobb. "Accommodating Nonmainstream Language in the Composition Classroom." Language Variation in North American English: Research and Teaching. Ed. A. Wayne Glowka and Donald M. Lance. New York: Modern Language Association, 1993. 331-45.

Sledd, Andrew E. "Pigs, Squeals and Cow Manure; or Power, Language and Multicultural Democracy." Journal of Advanced Composition 14.2 (Fall 1994): 547-58.

Sledd, Andrew. "Readin' not Riotin': The Politics of Literacy." College English 50 (1988): 495-508.

Sledd, James. "Standard English and the Study of Variation: 'It All Be Done for a Purpose.'" Language Variation in North American English: Research and Teaching. Ed. A. Wayne Glowka and Donald M. Lance. New York: Modern Language Association, 1993. 275-81.

Sledd, James. "In Defense of the Students' Right." College English 45.7 (November 1983): 667-75.

Smitherman-Donaldson, Geneva. "Toward a National Public Policy on Language." College English 49 (1987): 29-36.

Stalker, James C. "A Reconsideration of the Definition of Standard English." Linguistics for Teachers. Ed. Linda Miller Cleary and Michael D. Linn. New York: McGraw, 1993. 465-73.

Stanley, Julia. "'Correctness,' 'Appropriateness,' and the Uses of English." College English 41 (1979): 330-5.

Svejcer, Aleksandr D. Standard English in the United States and England. New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1978.

Taylor, Hanni U. Standard English, Black English and Bidialectism: A Controversy. New York: Peter Lang, 1989.

Torrey, Jane W. "Teaching Standard English to Speakers of Other Dialects." Applications of Linguistics: Selected Papers of the Second International Conference of Applied Linguistics. Ed. G.E. Perren and J.L.M. Trim. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge UP, 1971. 423-8.

Trudgill, Peter. The Social Differentiation of English in Norwich. Cambridge UP, 1974.

Trudgill, Peter, and Jean Hannah, eds. International English: A Guide to the Varieties of Standard English. 3rd ed. New York: St. Martin's, 1994.

TuSmith, Bonnie. "The Englishes of Ethnic Folk: From Home Talkin' to Testifyin' Art." College English 58.1 (January 1996): 43-57.

Villanueva, Victor, Jr. Bootstraps: From an American Academic of Color. Urbana, IL: National Council of Teachers of English, 1993.

Wilson, Kenneth G. The Columbia Guide to Standard American English. Columbia UP, 1993. PE2835 .W55 1993

Wolfram, Walt. "Varieties of American English." Language in the USA. Ed. Charles Ferguson and Shirley Brice Heath. New York: Cambridge UP, 1981. 44-68.

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10. Women's speech

Abrahams, Roger. "Negotiating Respect: Patterns of Presentation among Black Women." Women and Folklore. Ed. Claire Farrer. U of Texas P, 1975.

Baron, Dennis. Grammar and Gender. Yale UP, 1986.

Bebout, Linda. "Asymmetries in Male/Female Word Pairs: A Decade of Change." American Speech 70.2 (Summer 1995): 163-85.

Cameron, Deborah, ed. The Feminist Critique of Language: A Reader. New York: Routledge, 1990.

Cameron, Deborah. "New Arrivals: The Feminist Challenge in Language Study." New Departures in Linguistics. Ed. George Wolf. Garland, 1992. 213-35. P125.N48 1992

Cameron, Deborah, and Jennifer Coates. "Some Problems in the Sociolinguistic Explanation of Sex Differences." Women in Their Speech Communities: New Perspectives on Language and Sex. Ed. Jennifer Coates and Deborah Cameron. New York: Longman, 1988. 13-26.

Cameron, Deborah, Fiona McAlinden, and Kathy O'Leary. "Lakoff in Context: The Social and Linguistic Functions of Tag Questions." Women in Their Speech Communities: New Perspectives on Language and Sex. Ed. Jennifer Coates and Deborah Cameron. New York: Longman, 1988. 74-93.

Cameron, Deborah, et al. Researching Language: Issues of Power and Method. New York: Routledge, 1992.

Coates, Jennifer, and Deborah Cameron, eds. Women in Their Speech Communities: New Perspectives on Language and Sex. New York: Longman, 1988.

Cravens, Thomas D., and Luciano Giannelli. "Relative Salience of Gender and Class in a Situation of Multiple Competing Norms." Language Variation and Change 7.2 (1995).

Crawford, Mary. Talking Difference: On Gender and Language. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1995.

Delphy, C. "Women in Stratification Studies." Doing Feminist Research. Ed. H. Roberts. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1981.

Deuchar, Margaret. "A Pragmatic Account of Women's Use of Standard Speech." Women in Their Speech Communities: New Perspectives on Language and Sex. Ed. Jennifer Coates and Deborah Cameron. New York: Longman, 1988. 27-32.

Edwards, Viv. "The Speech of British Black Women in Dudley,West Midlands." Women in Their Speech Communities: New Perspectives on Language and Sex. Ed. Jennifer Coates and Deborah Cameron. New York: Longman, 1988. 33-50.

Freed, Alice F. "Hearing Is Believing: The Effect of Sexist Language on Language Skills." Teaching Writing: Pedagogy, Gender, and Equity. Ed. Cynthia L. Caywood and Gillian R. Overing. Albany: SUNY UP, 1987. PE1404.T4 1987. 81-92.

Hall, Kira, and Mary Bucholtz, eds. Gender Articulated: Language and the Socially Constructed Self. New York: Routledge, 1995.

Haraway, D. Simian, Cyborgs, and Women.

Henley, Nancy M. "This New Species That Seeks a New Language: On Sexism in Language and Language Change." Women and Language in Transition. Ed. Joyce Penfield. Albany: SUNY P, 1987. 3-27.

Henley, Nancy, Cheris Kramarae, and Barrie Thorne. "Perspectives on Language and Communication." Signs 3 (1978): 638-51.

Henley, Nancy, Cheris Kramarae, and Barrie Thorne. Language, Gender, and Society. Rowley, MA: Newberry, 1983.

Henton, Caroline. "Pitch Dynamism in Female and Male Speech." Language and Communication 15.1 (January 1995): 43-62.

Hill, Alette Oil. Mother Tongue, Father Time: A Decade of Linguistic Revolt. Indiana UP, 1986.

Hintikka, Merrill B., and Jaakko Hintikka. "How Can Language Be Sexist?" Discovering Reality: Feminist Perspectives on Epistemology, Metaphysics, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science. Ed. Sandra Harding and Merrill B. Hintikka. Boston: D. Reidel, 1983. 139-48.

Kramarae, Cheris. "Speech Styles Approach." Women and Men Speaking: Frameworks for Analysis. New York: Newbury House, 1981.

Kramarae, Chris, and Paula A. Treichler. "Power Relationships in the Classroom." Gender in the Classroom. Ed. Susan L. Gabriel and Isaiah Smithson. Urbana: U of Illinois P, 1990. 41-59.

Kristeva, Julia. "Women's Time." Trans. Alice Jardine and Harry Blake. The Kristeva Reader. Ed. Toril Moi. New York: Columbia UP, 1986. 188-213. Rpt. in Feminisms: An Anthology of Literary Theory and Criticism. Ed. Robyn R. Warhol and Diane Price Herndl. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers UP, 1991. 443-63.

Lakoff, Robin Tolmach. Language and Woman's Place. New York: Harper & Row, 1975.

Lakoff, Robin Tolmach. Talking Power: The Politics of Language. Harper/Collins.

Lance, Donald M. "Investigating Sex-Marked Language." Language Variation in North American English: Research and Teaching. Ed. A. Wayne Glowka and Donald M. Lance. New York: Modern Language Association, 1993. 242-50.

McConnell-Ginet, Sally, Ruth Borker, and Nelly Furman, eds. Women and Language in Literature and Society. New York: Praeger, 1979.

McConnell-Ginet, Sally. "Intonation in a Man's World." Language, Gender, and Society. Ed. Barrie Thorne, Cheris Kramarae, and Nancy Henley. New York: Newbury House, 1983.

McConnell-Ginet, Sally. "Linguistics and the Feminist Challenge." Women and Language in Literature and Society. Ed. Sally McConnell-Ginet, Ruth Borker, and Nelly Furman. New York: Praeger, 1980. 3-25.

Meyers, Miriam. "Current Generic Pronoun Usage: Evidence from the Writing of Two Generations." Publication of the American Dialect Society 78 (1994): 174-81.

Meyers, Miriam Watkins. "Teaching about Sex Variation in Language." Language Variation in North American English: Research and Teaching. Ed. A. Wayne Glowka and Donald M. Lance. New York: Modern Language Association, 1993. 235-41.

Mills, Jane. Womanwords: A Dictionary of Words About Women. Free P, 1992.

Nichols, Patricia C. "Linguistic Options and Choices for Black Women in the Rural South." Language, Gender, and Society. Ed. Barrie Thorne, Cheris Kramarae, and Nancy Henley. New York: Newbury House, 1983. 54-68.

Penfield, Joyce, ed. Women and Language in Transition. Albany: SUNY P, 1987.

Perry, Linda A.M., Lynn H. Turner, and Helen M. Sterk, eds. Constructing and Reconstructing Gender: The Links Among Communication, Language, and Gender. Albany: SUNY UP, 1992.

Philips, Susan U., Susan Steele, and Christine Tanz, eds. Language, Gender, and Sex in Comparative Perspective. New York: Cambridge UP, 1987.

Radtke, H. Lorraine, and Henderikus J. Stam, eds. Power/Gender: Social Relations in Theory and Practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1994.

Robins, Kikanza Nuri, and T. Jean Adenika. "Informal Conversation Topics Among Urban Afro-American Women." Women and Language in Transition. Ed. Joyce Penfield. Albany: SUNY P, 1987. 180-96.

Roman, Camille, Suzanne Juhasz, and Cristanne Miller, ed. The Women and Language Debate: A Source Book. New Brunswick: Rutgers University P, 1994. P120.W66 W63 1994

Sherzer, Joel. "A Diversity of Voices: Men's and Women's Speech in Ethnographic Perspective." Language, Gender, and Sex in Comparative Perspective. Ed. Susan U. Philips, Susan Steele, and Christine Tanz. New York: Cambridge UP, 1987.

Smith, Philip M. "Sex Markers in Speech." Social Markers in Speech. Ed. Klaus R. Scherer and Howard Giles. New York: Cambridge UP, 1979. 109-46.

Steinmetz, Sol. "Womyn: The Evidence." American Speech 70.4 (Winter 1995): 429-36.

Tannen, Deborah, ed. Gender and Conversational Interaction. New York: Oxford UP, 1993.

Tannen, Deborah. Gender and Discourse. New York: Oxford UP, 1994.

Tannen, Deborah. "The Relativity of Linguistic Strategies: Rethinking Power and Solidarity in Gender and Dominance." Gender and Discourse. New York: Oxford UP, 1994. 19-52.

Tannen, Deborah. Talking Voices.

Tannen, Deborah. That's Not What I Mean!

Tannen, Deborah. You Just Don't Understand: Women and Men in Conversation. New York: William Morrow, 1990.

Tannen, Deborah, and Robin Lakoff. "Conversational Strategy and Metastrategy in a Pragmatic Theory: The Example of Scenes from a Marriage. Gender and Discourse. By Deborah Tannen. New York: Oxford UP, 1994. 137-74.

Thomas, Beth. "Differences of Sex and Sects: Linguistic Variation and Social Networks in a Welsh Mining Village." Women in Their Speech Communities: New Perspectives on Language and Sex. Ed. Jennifer Coates and Deborah Cameron. New York: Longman, 1988. 51-60.

Thorne, Barrie, Cheris Kramarae, and Nancy Henley, eds. Language, Gender, and Society. New York: Newbury House, 1983.

Todd, Alexandra Dundas, and Sue Fisher, eds. Gender and Discourse: The Power of Talk. Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1988.

Trudgill, Peter. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society. Rev. ed. Penguin, 1983.

Walters, Keith. "The Spread of Nonsexist Language: Planning for Usage That Includes Us All." Publication of the American Dialect Society 78 (1994): 91-100.


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