History Bump

Research Questions
What is the definition of "ethnography" and "ethnographic research?" (I believe this must necessarily include participant observation)
How do ethnographic methods promote, or not, comp as a research endeavor, as well as a teaching and service field?(I'm thinking here about higher education politics surrounding research and teaching)
What do the authors claim about their studies, and how do compositionists take them up and say things about them?
What gets said about universality, application, transferability, etc.--How do the stories we tell in ethnographies become usefully universal? (or do they?)
What tropes and themes can I identify (ala White), and what might these say about the field of composition?
What is the difference between literacy narratives and ethnographies?
What might "critical" ethnography look like? Is it a literacy narrative with the intention to intervene?
Why is there no ethnographic study of note between 1971 (Emig) and 1986 (Heath)?
How did the 1963 Lloyd-Jones Schoerer, and Braddock book, and the 1980s Flower/Hayes protocols define research for comp and impact the (non)use of qualitative methods, especially ethnography?

Preliminary interview starting questions
What makes ethnography a pervasive method in recent comp research?
What was the moment for you when you decided that ethnography, or other qualitative mixed methods, was needed in comp research?
To what extent do you respect the method?
What do you think it does for the field's understanding of different literacy events? (I'm not necessarily limiting those to the academic writing classroom.)

Project Timetable

March 10: research notes, perhaps some annotations, and interview dates set
March 16-19: Chat with folks at CCCCs (particularly in the Research Forum) about this and write up notes from those talks
March 31: Annotated bibliography and interviews written up
April 7: Preliminary draft to Becky, Gale, and Ina
April 14 Read and respond to Gale's draft
April 21: Revised draft to Gale and Ina
April 28: Final draft to Becky, Gale, and Ina
May 6: Respond in depth to Gale's and Ina's final drafts

Primary Ehtnographic Texts Bib
Brandt, Deborah. Literacy in American Lives Cambridge: Cambridge University press, 2001.
Cushman, Ellen. The Struggle and the Tools: Oral and Literate Strategies in an Inner City Community. Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 1998.
Emig, Janet A. The Composing Processes of Twelfth-graders. Urbana, IL: NCTE, 1971.
Harrington, Anne and Marcia Curtis. Persons in Process: Four Stories of Writing and Personal Development in College. Urbana, IL: NCTE, 2000.
Heath, Shirley Brice. Way With Words: Language, Life, and Work in Communities and Classrooms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996 (1983).
Sternglass, Marilyn. Time to Know Them: A Longitudinal Study of Writing and Learning at the College Level. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1997.

On Flower and Hayes
[From Becky's e-mail 2/23/05]: "Bizzell takes on the cognitivists, including Flower, and posits a social rather than cognitive focus for composition research [...] Two of Flower's works indicate her own shifts [...] Of course, protocol analysis is just one part of the quantitative, cognitive work in composition [...] But it is, to my knowledge, the most recent and perhaps greatest heyday of that work. To me, what has superceded it is the socially based research that ethnography best illustrates."

Bizzell, Patricia. "Cognition, Convention, and Certainty: What We Need to Know about Writing." Pre/Text 3 (1982): 213-44. Rpt. Academic Discourse and Critical Consciousness. University Pittsburgh Press, 1992. 75-104.
Dively, Rhinda Leathers and Gerald Nelms. "Linda Flower." Twentieth-century Rhetorics and Rhetoricians. Eds. Michael G. Morna and Michelle Ballif. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2000. 159-168.
Enos, Teresa. "Protocols." Encyclopedia of Rhetoric and Composition.
Flower, Linda and John R. Hayes. "A Cognitive Process Theory of Writing." College Composition and Communication. 32 (1981): 365-87.
Flower, Linda. The Construction of Negotiated Meaning: A Social Cognitive Theory of Writing. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1994.

Interview Methods Bib
Brown, J. and D. Canter. "The Uses of Explanation in the Research Interview." The Research Interview: Uses and Approaches. Eds. M. Brenner, J.Brown, and D. Canter. New York: Press, 1985. 217-245.
Kvale, Steinar. Interviews: An Introduction to Qualitative Research Interviewing. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1996.
Mostyn, B. " The Content Analysis of Qualitative Research Data: A Dynamic Approach." The Research Interview: Uses and Approaches. Eds. M. Brenner, J. Brown, and D. Canter. New York: Academic Press, 1985. 115-45.
Odell, Lee, Dixie Goswami, and Anne Herrington. " The Discourse-based Interview: A Procedure for Exploring the Tacit Knowledge of Writers in Nonacademic Settings." Research on Writing: Principles and Methods. Eds. P. Mosenthal, L. Tamor, and S. Walmsley. New York: Longman, 1983. 221-35.
Potter, J. and M. Mulkay. "Scientits Interview Talk: Interviews as a Technique for Revealing Participants' Interpretive Practices." The Research Interview: Uses and Approaches. Eds. M. Brenner, J. Brown, and D. Canter. New York: Academic Press, 1985. 115-45.
Reinharz, Schulamit. "Feminist Interview Research." Feminist Methods in Social Research. Cambridge, MA UP, 1992. 18-45.
Spradley, James P. The Ethnographic Intervies. New York: Holt, 1979.

Ethnographic Methods Bib
Bishop, Wendy. Ethnographic Writing: Writing It Down, Writing It Up, and Reading It. Portsmouth, NH: Boyton Cook, 1999.
Cushman, Eleen. "Postmodern Ethnographies." JAC 22.4 (Fall 2002): 925-34.
Doheny-Farina, S. and Lee Odell. ographic Research on Writing: Assumptions and Methodology." Writing in Nonacademic Settings. Eds. Lee Odell and Dixie Goswami. London, England: Guilford Press, 1985. 503-34.
Doheny-Farina, S. "Writing in an Emerging Organization: An Ethnographic Study." Written Communication. 3.2 (1986): 158-85.
Freeman, E.B., et al. "Writing Instruction: New insights from Ethnographic Research." Journal of Research and Development in Education 19 (1986): 10-15.
Gere, Anne Ruggles. ed. Into the Field: Sites of Composition Studies. New york: MLA, 1993.
Goetz, J.P. and M.D. LeCompte. Ethnography and Qualitative Design in Educational Research. Orlando, FL: Academic Press, 1984.
Horner, Bruce. "Critical Ethnography, Ethics, and Work: Rearticulating Labor." JAC 22.3 (2002).
Kahn, Seth. "Ethnographic Writing as Grass Roots Democratic Action." Composition Studies 31.1 (Spring 2003): 63-82.
Kirsch, Gesa E. Ethical Dilemmas in Feminist Research: The Politics of Location, Interpretation, and Publication. Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 1999.
Lloyd-Jones, Schoerer, and Braddock. Research in Written Composition. NCTE, 1963.
Mortensen, Peter and Gesa E. Kirsch, eds. Ethics and Representation in Qualitative Studies of Literacy. Urbana, IL: 1996.
Mosenthal, P., L. Tamor, and S. Walmsley, eds. Research in Writing: Principles and Methods. NU: Longman, 1983.
Street, Brian Social Literacies: Critical Approaches to Literacy Development, Ethnography, and Education. London, England: Longman.